Source Ledger

Septuagint · c. 100 BCE

1 Maccabees 1:20–64; 4:36–59.

Reliability · A near-contemporary Jewish account of the Antiochene persecution and the rededication of the temple, written within about seventy years of the events. Openly partisan for the Hasmonean house, which shapes its portrait of the actors far more than its chronology of the desecration.

Internal corpus record — Internal corpus record. Not reconciled against an external catalogue.

Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XVI · copies c. 125–50 BCE; edition 2000

Daniel fragments 4QDan a–e (4Q112–4Q116), ed. Eugene Ulrich, in Qumran Cave 4.XI: Psalms to Chronicles, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XVI (Oxford: Clarendon, 2000).

Reliability · Primary manuscript evidence. Eight Daniel copies were recovered at Qumran, the earliest within roughly half a century of the book reaching its final form. The fragments are damaged and do not preserve every verse, so coverage of any particular passage must be checked individually rather than assumed.

Partially verified — Bibliographic identifiers present; no live catalogue check has been run.

Jerome · Corpus Christianorum Series Latina · 407 CE

Jerome, Commentarium in Danielem, 407 CE.

Reliability · Doubly valuable: a major patristic reading of Daniel, and the principal channel through which the lost anti-Christian critique of Porphyry survives. Jerome reports Porphyry in order to refute him, so Porphyry reaches us only through a hostile intermediary.

Internal corpus record — Internal corpus record. Not reconciled against an external catalogue.

K. Elliger and W. Rudolph (eds.) · Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft · 1977 (5th ed. 1997)

Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, ed. K. Elliger and W. Rudolph (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1977).

Reliability · The standard diplomatic critical edition of the Hebrew Bible, reproducing Codex Leningradensis with a variant apparatus. Diplomatic rather than eclectic: it prints one manuscript and records variants, so the apparatus rather than the main text carries the comparative evidence.

Partially verified — Bibliographic identifiers present; no live catalogue check has been run.

Hippolytus of Rome · Griechische Christliche Schriftsteller · c. 204 CE

Hippolytus of Rome, Commentary on Daniel, c. 204 CE.

Reliability · The earliest surviving Christian commentary on any biblical book, and therefore the earliest direct evidence of how Christian readers handled Daniel 12. Evidence of reception, not of authorial intent.

Internal corpus record — Internal corpus record. Not reconciled against an external catalogue.

John J. Collins · Fortress Press · 1993

John J. Collins, Daniel: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel, Hermeneia (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993).

Reliability · The standard critical commentary on Daniel in English, from a scholar central to the study of Jewish apocalyptic. Works from the historical-critical consensus for a second-century BCE composition of Daniel 7–12; that framework is argued rather than assumed, but it is a framework.

Partially verified — Bibliographic identifiers present; no live catalogue check has been run.

Porphyry of Tyre · Reported in Jerome, Commentarium in Danielem · c. 270 CE; reported 407 CE

Porphyry, Against the Christians, Book XII, as reported and rebutted in Jerome, Commentarium in Danielem (407 CE). The work itself does not survive.

Reliability · The earliest known argument that Daniel was composed in the second century BCE rather than the sixth. It is also the clearest case in this corpus of a source we cannot read directly: Porphyry survives only in the quotations of the opponent who set out to refute him, so what reaches us has been selected by a hostile intermediary. The argument is historically important and the transmission is compromised, and both facts have to be carried together.

Internal corpus record — Internal corpus record. Not reconciled against an external catalogue.

Louis F. Hartman and Alexander A. Di Lella · Doubleday · 1978

Louis F. Hartman and Alexander A. Di Lella, The Book of Daniel, Anchor Bible 23 (Garden City: Doubleday, 1978).

Reliability · A major critical commentary from Catholic scholars, independent of Collins and reaching broadly similar conclusions on Daniel 12 by a separate route — which is what makes the convergence worth something.

Partially verified — Bibliographic identifiers present; no live catalogue check has been run.

Emanuel Tov · Fortress Press · 2012

Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, 3rd rev. ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012).

Reliability · The standard handbook of Hebrew Bible textual criticism, by the editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls publication project. Authoritative on method and on the state of the manuscript evidence.

Partially verified — Bibliographic identifiers present; no live catalogue check has been run.

Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler (eds.) · Oxford University Press · 2014

Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler (eds.), The Jewish Study Bible, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).

Reliability · Jewish scholarly annotation of the Tanakh from a major university press. Included so that a Jewish reading of Daniel 12 is represented from within the tradition rather than summarised from outside it.

Partially verified — Bibliographic identifiers present; no live catalogue check has been run.

Joyce G. Baldwin · Inter-Varsity Press · 1978

Joyce G. Baldwin, Daniel: An Introduction and Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1978).

Reliability · A careful conservative commentary defending a sixth-century setting for Daniel against the critical consensus. Included because the case for the minority dating should be represented by its serious form rather than by a caricature; its arguments on the Aramaic and the Persian loanwords are genuinely engaged with in the literature.

Partially verified — Bibliographic identifiers present; no live catalogue check has been run.